Gerald A. Miller, Willem T. H. van Oers
Published 1994-09-14Version 1
Charge independence and charge symmetry are approximate symmetries of nature, violated by the perturbing effects of the mass difference between up and down quarks and by electromagnetic interactions. The observations of the symmetry breaking effects in nuclear and particle physics and the implications of those effects are reviewed.
Comments: 41 pages, report # DOE/ER/40427-17-N94, Chapter for a book titled "Symmetries and Fundamental Interactions in Nuclei" eds. E.M. Henley and W. Haxton, to be published by World Scientific
Charge Independence and Symmetry of Nuclear Forces
Approximate symmetries in nuclei and the $2νββ$-decay rate
Squeezed condensate of gluons and $η-η'$ mass difference
