A repeating fast radio burst source in the outskirts of a quiescent galaxy

V. Shah, K. Shin, C. Leung, W. Fong, T. Eftekhari, M. Amiri, B. C. Andersen, S. Andrew, M. Bhardwaj, C. Brar, T. Cassanelli, S. Chatterjee, A. P. Curtin, M. Dobbs, Y. Dong, F. A. Dong, E. Fonseca, B. M. Gaensler, M. Halpern, J. W. T. Hessels, A. L. Ibik, N. Jain, R. C. Joseph, J. Kaczmarek, L. A. Kahinga, V. M. Kaspi, B. Kharel, T. Landecker, A. E. Lanman, M. Lazda, R. Main, L. Mas-Ribas, K. W. Masui, R. Mckinven, J. Mena-Parra, B. W. Meyers, D. Michilli, K. Nimmo, A. Pandhi, S. S. Patil, A. B. Pearlman, Z. Pleunis, J. X. Prochaska, M. Rafiei-Ravandi, M. Sammons, K. R. Sand, P. Scholz, K. Smith, I. Stairs

Published 2024-10-30Version 1

We report the discovery of the repeating fast radio burst source FRB 20240209A using the CHIME/FRB telescope. We have detected 22 bursts from this repeater between February and July 2024, six of which were also recorded at the Outrigger station KKO. The 66-km long CHIME-KKO baseline can provide single-pulse FRB localizations along one dimension with $2^{\prime\prime}$ accuracy. The high declination of $\sim$86 degrees for this repeater allowed its detection with a rotating range of baseline vectors, enabling the combined localization region size to be constrained to $1^{\prime\prime}\times2^{\prime\prime}$. We present deep Gemini observations that, combined with the FRB localization, enabled a robust association of FRB 20240209A to the outskirts of a luminous galaxy (P(O|x) = 0.99; $L \approx 5.3 \times 10^{10}\,L_{\odot}$). FRB 20240209A has a projected physical offset of $40 \pm 5$ kpc from the center of its host galaxy, making it the FRB with the largest host galaxy offset to date. When normalized by the host galaxy size, the offset of FRB 20240209A is comparable to that of FRB 20200120E, the only FRB source known to originate in a globular cluster. We consider several explanations for the large offset, including a progenitor that was kicked from the host galaxy or in situ formation in a low-luminosity satellite galaxy of the putative host, but find the most plausible scenario to be a globular cluster origin. This, coupled with the quiescent, elliptical nature of the host as demonstrated in our companion paper, provide strong evidence for a delayed formation channel for the progenitor of the FRB source.