Cosmic-Ray Models of the Ridge-Like Excess of Gamma Rays in the Galactic Center

Oscar Macias, Roland Crocker, Chris Gordon, Stefano Profumo

Published 2014-10-07Version 1

The High-Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) has detected diffuse TeV emission correlated with the distribution of molecular gas along the Galactic Ridge at the Galactic Center. Diffuse, non-thermal emission is also seen by the Fermi large area telescope (Fermi-LAT) in the GeV range and by radio telescopes in the GHz range. Additionally, there is a distinct, spherically symmetric excess of gamma rays seen by Fermi-LAT in the GeV range. A cosmic ray flare, occurring in the Galactic Center, $10^4$ years ago has been proposed to explain the TeV Galactic Ridge (Aharonian et al. 2006). An alternative, steady-state model explaining all three data sets (TeV, GeV, and radio) invokes purely leptonic processes (Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2013). We show that the flare model from the Galactic Center also provides an acceptable fit to the GeV and radio data, provided the diffusion coefficient is energy independent. However, if Kolmogorov-type turbulence is assumed for the diffusion coefficient, we find that two flares are needed, one for the TeV data (occurring approximately $ 10^4 $ years ago) and an older one for the GeV data (approximately $10^5$ years old). We find that the flare models we investigate do not fit the spherically symmetric GeV excess as well as the usual generalized Navarro-Frenk-White spatial profile, but are better suited to explaining the Galactic Ridge. We also show that predominantly hadronic steady-state models are able to explain all three data sets. Additionally, we investigate how the flare and steady-state models may be distinguished with future gamma-ray data looking for a spatial dependence of the gamma-ray spectral index.